计算机保存及还原颜色时有多种方案，较为常用的是两个，RGB和HSV。R预设了657种颜色，可以通过colors()函数调用（或者英式拼写colours()）。比如我们常用的红，绿，蓝，
> colors()[c(552,254,26)] [1] "red" "green" "blue" |
我们可以使用grep来调取我们感兴趣的颜色，
> grep("red",colors())
[1] 100 372 373 374 375 376 476 503 504 505 506 507 524 525 526 527 528 552 553
[20] 554 555 556 641 642 643 644 645
> colors()[grep("red",colors())]
[1] "darkred" "indianred" "indianred1" "indianred2"
[5] "indianred3" "indianred4" "mediumvioletred" "orangered"
[9] "orangered1" "orangered2" "orangered3" "orangered4"
[13] "palevioletred" "palevioletred1" "palevioletred2" "palevioletred3"
[17] "palevioletred4" "red" "red1" "red2"
[21] "red3" "red4" "violetred" "violetred1"
[25] "violetred2" "violetred3" "violetred4"
> colors()[grep("sky",colors())]
[1] "deepskyblue" "deepskyblue1" "deepskyblue2" "deepskyblue3"
[5] "deepskyblue4" "lightskyblue" "lightskyblue1" "lightskyblue2"
[9] "lightskyblue3" "lightskyblue4" "skyblue" "skyblue1"
[13] "skyblue2" "skyblue3" "skyblue4"
> SetTextContrastColor <- function(color)
+ {
+ ifelse( mean(col2rgb(color)) > 127, "black", "white")
+ }
> # Define this array of text contrast colors that correponds to each
> # member of the colors() array.
> TextContrastColor <- unlist( lapply(colors(), SetTextContrastColor) )
> # 1a. Plot matrix of R colors, in index order, 25 per row.
> # This example plots each row of rectangles one at a time.
> colCount <- 25 # number per row
> rowCount <- 27
> plot( c(1,colCount), c(0,rowCount), type="n", ylab="", xlab="",
+ axes=FALSE, ylim=c(rowCount,0))
> title("R colors")
>
> for (j in 0:(rowCount-1))
+ {
+ base <- j*colCount
+ remaining <- length(colors()) - base
+ RowSize <- ifelse(remaining < colCount, remaining, colCount)
+ rect((1:RowSize)-0.5,j-0.5, (1:RowSize)+0.5,j+0.5,
+ border="black",
+ col=colors()[base + (1:RowSize)])
+ text((1:RowSize), j, paste(base + (1:RowSize)), cex=0.7,
+ col=TextContrastColor[base + (1:RowSize)])
+ } |
Ｒ颜色表
对于大多数理工出身的人来讲，理解颜色并不难，难的是如何选择一种或者多种理想的颜色，让绘图很漂亮。Ｒ当中有一个包RColorBrewer就可以为我们解决这个难题，其中预设了很多种颜色组合以供我们使用。
> library(RColorBrewer) > display.brewer.all() |
RColorBrewer中预设的颜色表
我们看到其中Set3和Paired设定了12种颜色，其余的有多有少，以9种居多。在使用其颜色时，使用brewer.pal(n, name)调用即可，其中n最小值为3最大值为每组预设值数组的长度。比如brewer.pal(12,Paired)
在绘图时，有如下颜色参数
| 参数 | 描述 |
| col | 绘图使用的颜色，许多函数接受一组颜色，并对不同的数据依次使用颜色。 |
| col.axis | 坐标轴字符颜色 |
| col.lab | x,y坐标标记颜色 |
| col.main | 标题颜色 |
| col.sub | 副标题颜色 |
| fg | 绘图前景色，包括坐标轴，各类boxes |
| bg | 绘图背景色 |
> require(graphics) > par(col.axis="green",col.lab="blue",col.main="darkred",fg="white",bg="black") > plot(cars,main="speed vs dist") |
颜色设置示例